<?xml 
version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><?xml-stylesheet title="XSL formatting" type="text/xsl" href="https://matierevolution.fr/spip.php?page=backend.xslt" ?>
<rss version="2.0" 
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
>

<channel xml:lang="fr">
	<title>Mati&#232;re et R&#233;volution</title>
	<link>https://www.matierevolution.fr/</link>
	<description>Contribution au d&#233;bat sur la philosophie dialectique du mode de formation et de transformation de la mati&#232;re, de la vie, de l'homme et de la soci&#233;t&#233;. Ce site est compl&#233;mentaire de https://www.matierevolution.org/</description>
	<language>fr</language>
	<generator>SPIP - www.spip.net</generator>
	<atom:link href="https://matierevolution.fr/spip.php?id_rubrique=127&amp;page=backend" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />

	<image>
		<title>Mati&#232;re et R&#233;volution</title>
		<url>https://matierevolution.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L144xH69/siteon0-32cbc.jpg?1782522038</url>
		<link>https://www.matierevolution.fr/</link>
		<height>69</height>
		<width>144</width>
	</image>



<item xml:lang="en">
		<title>Periodic Stimulation of Biological Oscillators</title>
		<link>https://matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article5583</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article5583</guid>
		<dc:date>2019-11-09T09:24:17Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>en</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Robert Paris</dc:creator>



		<description>
&lt;p&gt;Synchronization and Rhythmic Processes in Physiology &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Multiple Oscilators Provide Metastblity in Rhythm &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Phase-lockingZones of phase locking &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Respiratory System &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Cardiac Phase-locked Rhythms &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Cardiac Phase Resetting &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Phase-locking in Parasystole Rhythms &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Van der Pol Oscillator &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Phase-locking of the van der Pol Oscillator &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Dynamical Features od Neurons and the Brain &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Periodic Stimulation of Biological Oscillators &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Periodic stimulation of spontaneously oscillating physiological (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://matierevolution.fr/spip.php?rubrique127" rel="directory"&gt;Rythmes auto-organis&#233;s&lt;/a&gt;


		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;Synchronization and Rhythmic Processes in Physiology&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_13686 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/jpg/Synchronization_and_rhythmic_processes_in_physiology.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/jpg/Synchronization_and_rhythmic_processes_in_physiology.jpg' width=&#034;600&#034; height=&#034;1499&#034; alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Multiple Oscilators Provide Metastblity in Rhythm&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_13685 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/jpg/Multiple_Oscillators_Provide_Metastability_in_Rhythm.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/jpg/Multiple_Oscillators_Provide_Metastability_in_Rhythm.jpg' width=&#034;1140&#034; height=&#034;1800&#034; alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Phase-locking&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_13672 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/jpg/Phase-locking_ou_interaction_entre_rythmes_auto-organises.jpg' width=&#034;500&#034; height=&#034;413&#034; alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Zones of phase locking&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_13682 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/png/6-Figure6-1.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/png/6-Figure6-1.png' width=&#034;964&#034; height=&#034;906&#034; alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_13684 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/png/phase-locking_of_respiration.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/png/phase-locking_of_respiration.png' width=&#034;1002&#034; height=&#034;1018&#034; alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Respiratory System&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_13681 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/png/4-Figure5-1.png' width=&#034;662&#034; height=&#034;586&#034; alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cardiac Phase-locked Rhythms&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_13679 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/png/cardiac_phase-locked_rhythms.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/png/cardiac_phase-locked_rhythms.png' width=&#034;646&#034; height=&#034;924&#034; alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Cardiac Phase Resetting&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_13680 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/png/cardiac_phas_resetting.png' width=&#034;237&#034; height=&#034;213&#034; alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Phase-locking in Parasystole Rhythms&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_13673 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/png/Phase-locking_in_parasystole_rhythms.png' width=&#034;272&#034; height=&#034;185&#034; alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_13674 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/png/Phase-locking_in_parasystole.png' width=&#034;303&#034; height=&#034;167&#034; alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Van der Pol Oscillator&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_13676 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/gif/van_der_Pol_oscillator.gif' width=&#034;320&#034; height=&#034;236&#034; alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Phase-locking of the van der Pol Oscillator&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_13677 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/png/phase_locking_of_the_van_der_Pol_oscillator.png' width=&#034;666&#034; height=&#034;666&#034; alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dynamical Features od Neurons and the Brain&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div class='spip_document_13678 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/png/Dynamical_features_of_neurons_and_the_brain.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/png/Dynamical_features_of_neurons_and_the_brain.png' width=&#034;2760&#034; height=&#034;1704&#034; alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_13683 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/png/018542373_1-cbfd75d115b227a270ca1d6ec3fb2b49.png' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/png&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/png/018542373_1-cbfd75d115b227a270ca1d6ec3fb2b49.png' width=&#034;766&#034; height=&#034;1024&#034; alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Periodic Stimulation of Biological Oscillators&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Periodic stimulation of spontaneously oscillating physiological rhythms has powerful effects on the intrinsic rhythm. As the frequency and amplitude of the periodic stimulus are varied, a variety of different coupling patterns are set up between the stimulus and the spontaneous oscillator. In some situations the spontaneous rhythm is entrained or phase locked to the forcing stimulus so that for each N cycles of the stimulus there are M cycles of the spontaneous rhythm, and the spontaneous oscillation occurs at fixed phase (or phases) of the periodic stimulus (N:M phase locking). In addition to phase-locked rhythms, it is also possible to observe irregular or aperiodic rhythms in which fixed phase relationships and regular repeating cyclic patterns are not observed. We will discuss the main experimental observations in phase locking experiments, with particular reference to experiments on the cardiac and respiratory systems. We will develop the mathematical concepts needed to analyse phase locking in integrate and fire models and in limit cycle models. We will discuss several phenomena entailing phase locking in humans.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;One experimental paradigm for studying physiological oscillators is to subject the oscillator to periodic stimuli while maintaining physiological conditions as constant as possible. We do not attempr to give a complete summary of this large body of work but discuss two illustrative systems: the mechanical ventilation of animals, and the periodic stimulation of cardiac oscillations using an intracellular microelectrode. We draw generalizations from these systems which are broadly applicable in a wide variety of experimental systems.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It has been known since the time of Hering and Breuer that periodic lung inflation by a mechanical ventilator can lead to phase locking between the ventilator and the intrinsic respiratory rhythm in mammals. The entrainment is believed to be mediated by the Hering-Breuer reflexes in which expansion of the lungs inhibits inspiration ans prolongs expiration. Afferent activity from stretch receptors in the lungs is carried by afferent fibers in the vagus nerve. Respiratory entrainment can be studied by mechanically ventilating an animal at different volume and frequencies while attempting to maintain constant levels of anesthesia, body temperature, and blood gases.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Experiments were performed on paralyzed, pentobarbital-anesthetized adult cats, and central respiratory activity was monitored by recording from a branch of the phrenic nerve. In a normal unparalyzed animal, the phrenic nerve nerve innervates the diaphragm, and phrenic nerve activity causes the diaphragm to contract, thus leading to inspiration. In the paralyzed animal, neuromuscular transmission between the phrenic nerve and the diaphragm is blocked, and lung inflation is due solely to the mechanical ventilator. However, afferent activity from stretch receptors in the lung is still carried by the vagus nerve&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As the ventilator volume and frequency are varied, a number of different rhythms are established between the ventilator and phrenic activity. These different rhythms are organized in an orderly fashion in the ventilator volume-ventilator frequency plane. Insets show representative traces of ventilator volumes and phrenic nerve activity corresponding to different stable phase-locked rhythms, as well as non-phase-locked rhythms (which occur in the shaded regions). In these experiments, low ventilation must be maintained. Likewise, very high volumes and frequencies could not be studied because of the mechanical limitations of the ventilator and the limited lung capacity of the cat.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The respiratory rhythm is generated in a complex network of neurons in the brain stem. In contrast, the cardiac rhythm is generated in a specialized region of electrically coupled cells in the SA node that act as a pacemaker for the heart. We now describe experiments in which the effects of pulsatile electrical stimuli delivered to spontaneously beating cells derived from the ventricles of embryonic chick heart were determined.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As the frequency and current intensity of the electrical stimuli are varied, a variety of different rhythms between the stimulator and the heart cells are established&#8230; The insets represent the different observed phase-locking patterns, and the solid lines represent the results of theoretical computations based on phase-resetting experiments using single pulses. In addition to the stable phase-locked rhythms, there are a number of irregular rhythms&#8230;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Although thses results have been obtained from two very different physiological systems using different types of periodic stimulation, there are certain striking features common to both. The following generalizations are applicable to a large number of experiments of periodic forcing of biological oscillators.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1. The stable zones of phase locking most commonly observed correspond to low-order ratios between the number of cycles of the forcing stimulus and the intrinsic rhythm (i.e., 2:1 , 3:2 , 1:1 , 2:3 , 1:2). Although other N:M ratios with larger values of N and M can also be observed, these occupy smaller areas in the frequency- amplitude parameter space, and they are consequently easily overlooked or obscured by noise.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2. The stable rhythms are organized in the frequency-amplitude plane in an orderly fashion. It is common to associate a rotation number p = M/N with an N:M rhythm. Then, as the stimulation frequency increases at fixed stimulus amplitude, p decreases.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3. At very low stimulation amplitudes, it is difficult to maintain stable phase locking.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;4. If the regions of frequency-amplitude parameter space between stable phase-locking zones are studied, then it is generally possible to find stimulation parameters that give rise to irregular dynamics.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Despite their similarities, there are differences between the cardiac and respiratory systems. For example, the 2:2 region observed in the periodically stimulated cardiac cells was not observed in the mechanically ventilated cats. The goal of theoretical studies of phase locking is to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the similarities and differences between the different preparations. Ideally, one would like to be able to make predictions about the phase locking as stimulation parameters vary, based on the mechanisms of rhythmogenesis and the coupling of the stimulator to the intrinsic rhythm. In practice, the mechanical analysis of periodically forced nonlinear oscillators is an extremely difficult problem, and detailed quantitative understanding of dynamics has been obtained in only a few special situations.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The theoretical studies make it clear that although there are many similarities between the dynamics in different systems, there will also generally be differences if the dynamics are studied in sufficient detail. In order to establish this assertion, we describe the dynamics resulting from periodic stimulation in a number of different model systems. We also discuss entrainment of biological oscillators in a number of clinical contexts. (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;One motivation for the analysis of periodic forcing of integrate and fire models comes from the experimental studies on the mechanical ventilation of cats. An examination of the insets, in particular the 1:2 and 3:2 rhythms, shows large lung inflations coincident with the premature termination of the inspiratory activity. This gives a striking visual suggestion for the utility of an integrate and fire model with modulated threshold for this system. As we already discussed, the Hering-Breuer reflexes can be modeled by integrate and fire models. (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In addition to studies of integrate and fire models in which the thresholds are sinusoidal, there have been several studies of the properties of integrate and fire models in which the thresholds are piecewise linear. Such studies allow a much more complete analysis of the dynamics than is possible using sinusoidal thresholds. For example, Lasota and Mackey proved that such models display chaotic dynamics in some parameter ranges. The significance of this finding lies in the observation of chaos even in extremely simplified models for the periods forcing of oscillations. In view of this finding, it seems likely that the appearance of chaotic dynamics at least over some range of stimulation parameters in periodically forced physiological oscillators may be very common.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Attemps to develop more realistic integrate and fire models for the entrainment of the respiratory rhythm have been made by Petrillo and Glass. They assume that two thresholds are modulated by the volume of the mechanical ventilator. The timing of inspiration and expiration is represented by activities that oscillate between the two thresholds. A brief delay occurs between the time the inspiratory onset threshold was reached and the beginning of inspiration. This model has five parameters, all of which could be determined from the data. Numerical simulations of the model show good agreement with the experimental results. However, a detailed study of the bifurcations in this model was not carried through.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Another attempt to develop integrate and fire models for the entrainment of biological rhythms was made by Daan and coworkers for the circadian rhythm. They assumed that there were two sinusoidally modulated thresholds. With this model they were able to provide a partial explanation for data on sleep duration as a function of the time of onset entrainment (corresponding to the normal circadian rhythm), or of other possible phase-locking zones as a function of the parameters.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, the assumption that there are periodic inputs to integrate and fire models provides a conceptually simple means to model phase locking in biological systems. Even the simplest possible models lead to extremely complicated dynamics, which are only partially understood.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Many biological rhythms are best represented mathematically as limit cycle oscillations in differential equations. Because these rhythms interact with each other and because there is a periodic stimulation from the external environment, it is important to understand the effects of periodic forcing on a limit cycle oscillation. One prototypical model for periodically forced limit cycles is the sinusoidally forced van der Pol equation. J.H. Jensen and coworkers have shown that sinusoidal forcing also gives rise to chaotic dynamics in mathematical models of excitable neural and cardiac tissue, and Aihara and coworkers have demonstrated strange attractors from sinusoidally forced squid axons.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We now consider the effects of a periodic train of short pulsatile stimuli on limit cycle oscillations. In the event that the limit cycle is rapidly restablished following a single stimulus, it is straightforward to compute the effect of periodic stimuli once the effects of a single stimulus are understood.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The main idea can be developed from a consideration of the effects of a periodic stimulation of the Poincar&#233; oscillator...&#8221;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Zones of phase locking from Glass and Petrillo (1984)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Theoretically computed phase-locking zones from Glass, Guevara and Shrier (1987)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Regions of phase locking of the van der Pol oscillator from Hayashi (1964)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Theoretical model of phase-locking from Petrillo and Glass (1984)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Phase locking of respiration from Bramble (1983)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Phase-locking zones in a mathematical model of parasystole from Moe et al. (1977)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Phase locked rhythms set up between a mechanical ventilator and the respiratory rhythms in an anesthetized human being from Graves et al. (1986)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt; Glass-Mackey, &#171; The Rythms of Life &#187;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_13687 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L183xH275/index-36-7d927.jpg?1782523396' width='183' height='275' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_13688 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L153xH230/9780387004495-eba3c.jpg?1782523396' width='153' height='230' alt='' /&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>
<item xml:lang="fr">
		<title>Rythmes non-lin&#233;aires auto-organis&#233;s</title>
		<link>https://matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article704</link>
		<guid isPermaLink="true">https://matierevolution.fr/spip.php?article704</guid>
		<dc:date>2008-09-30T19:29:53Z</dc:date>
		<dc:format>text/html</dc:format>
		<dc:language>fr</dc:language>
		<dc:creator>Robert Paris</dc:creator>


		<dc:subject>Chaos d&#233;terministe</dc:subject>
		<dc:subject>Auto-organisation</dc:subject>

		<description>
&lt;p&gt;R&#233;actions biochimiques, cr&#233;ateurs de formes et de rythmes, le film &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
L'oscillateur Van der Pol &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Phase-locking ou interaction entre rythmes auto-organis&#233;s &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Simon Diner &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Extrait de &#171; Les voies du chaos dans l'&#233;cole russe &#187;, tir&#233; de l'ouvrage collectif &#171; Chaos et d&#233;terminisme &#187; : &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
NON LINEARITE DES RYTHMES AUTO-ORGANISES (DISSIPATIFS ET ENTRETENUS) &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&#171; Dans les oscillations non-lin&#233;aires, l'ordre et le d&#233;sordre se c&#244;toient, se relaient, se confortent, voil&#224; la surprise. (&#8230;) C'est (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;


-
&lt;a href="https://matierevolution.fr/spip.php?rubrique127" rel="directory"&gt;Rythmes auto-organis&#233;s&lt;/a&gt;

/ 
&lt;a href="https://matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot59" rel="tag"&gt;Chaos d&#233;terministe&lt;/a&gt;, 
&lt;a href="https://matierevolution.fr/spip.php?mot84" rel="tag"&gt;Auto-organisation&lt;/a&gt;

		</description>


 <content:encoded>&lt;div class='rss_chapo'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.canalu.tv/canalu/producteurs/universite_de_tous_les_savoirs/dossier_programmes/les_conferences_de_l_annee_2000/chimie_minerale/morphogeneses_chimiques_les_reactions_creatrices_de_rythmes_et_de_formes_patrick_de_kepper&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;R&#233;actions biochimiques, cr&#233;ateurs de formes et de rythmes, le film&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#034;http://www.cax.free.fr/vdp/vdp.html&#034; class=&#034;spip_out&#034; rel=&#034;external&#034;&gt;L'oscillateur Van der Pol&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		&lt;div class='rss_texte'&gt;&lt;div class='spip_document_1068 spip_document spip_documents spip_document_image spip_documents_center spip_document_center'&gt;
&lt;figure class=&#034;spip_doc_inner&#034;&gt; &lt;a href='https://matierevolution.fr/IMG/jpg/f2_5.jpg' class=&#034;spip_doc_lien mediabox&#034; type=&#034;image/jpeg&#034;&gt; &lt;img src='https://matierevolution.fr/local/cache-vignettes/L500xH413/f2_5-6a564.jpg?1782523396' width='500' height='413' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;/figure&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Phase-locking ou interaction entre rythmes auto-organis&#233;s&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;h2 class=&#034;spip&#034;&gt;Simon Diner&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Extrait de &#171; Les voies du chaos dans l'&#233;cole russe &#187;, tir&#233; de l'ouvrage collectif &#171; Chaos et d&#233;terminisme &#187; :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;NON LINEARITE DE&lt;/strong&gt;S RYTHMES AUTO-ORGANISES (DISSIPATIFS ET ENTRETENUS)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#171; Dans les oscillations non-lin&#233;aires, l'ordre et le d&#233;sordre se c&#244;toient, se relaient, se confortent, voil&#224; la surprise. (&#8230;) C'est l'instauration d'une v&#233;ritable conception dialectique de l'ordre et du d&#233;sordre qui n'a pas fini de nous &#233;tonner. &#187;&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Ce que prolonge Dahan Dalmedico dans &#171; Retour sur l'histoire de la philosophie &#187; du m&#234;me ouvrage :&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
&#171; L'&#233;tude des syst&#232;mes dynamiques chaotiques exige une v&#233;ritable dialectique entre l'instabilit&#233; d'un syst&#232;me dynamique chaotique et sa stabilit&#233; structurelle. &#187;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;(&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&#171; L'&#233;cole de Mandelstham-Andronov et le paradigme des auto-oscillations&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Parmi tous les mouvements m&#233;caniques et physiques, les oscillations occupent une place &#224; part Ce sont les mouvements ou les changements d'&#233;tat qui pr&#233;sentent un certain degr&#233; de r&#233;p&#233;titivit&#233; ou de p&#233;riodicit&#233;. Dans le cas le plus simple, celui des petits mouvements d'un pendule balan&#231;oire, ou d'un ressort, la force responsable du mouvement reste simplement proportionnelle aux d&#233;placements du syst&#232;me. Ce sont les oscillations lin&#233;aires dont l'oscillateur harmonique est le mod&#232;le universel. A vrai dire, toutes les oscillations qui existent r&#233;ellement dans la nature sont plus ou moins non lin&#233;aires. Les oscillations lin&#233;aires ne sont qu'un mod&#232;le math&#233;matique approch&#233; dont l'importance est li&#233;e au r&#244;le math&#233;matique jou&#233; par les fonctions p&#233;riodiques (analyse de Fourier). Au 19&#232;me si&#232;cle, le mod&#232;le de l'oscillateur lin&#233;aire s'est impos&#233; &#224; travers le d&#233;veloppement de l'&#233;tude des ondes en optique, en acoustique et en &#233;lectromagn&#233;tisme. Ce caract&#232;re universel du mod&#232;le d'oscillateur lin&#233;aire triomphe dans le c&#233;l&#232;bre livre de Lord Rayleigh : &#171; The theory of sound &#187; (1877).&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
L'oscillateur lin&#233;aire va aussi sous-tendre et structurer toute la physique quantique. De par l'utilisation qu'elle fait de la th&#233;orie des op&#233;rateurs lin&#233;aires dans l'espace vectoriel des &#233;tats (espace de Hilbert), la m&#233;canique quantique est comme l'apoth&#233;ose d'un paradigme en d&#233;veloppement depuis deux si&#232;cles. (&#8230;) En fait, le mod&#232;le d'oscillateur lin&#233;aire convient parfaitement aux ph&#233;nom&#232;nes stationnaires, ceux dont l'&#233;volution pr&#233;sente l'harmonie et la r&#233;gularit&#233; d'un &#233;quilibre mobile. Mais d&#232;s qu'il s'agit d'&#233;volutions temporelles dramatiques, en particulier de ph&#233;nom&#232;nes de transition d'un &#233;tat d'&#233;quilibre &#224; un autre, de ph&#233;nom&#232;ne de cr&#233;ation ou de disparition de mouvements, la non-lin&#233;arit&#233; devient une propri&#233;t&#233; organique essentielle. C'est pr&#233;cis&#233;ment le cas lorsqu'on engendre et entretient des oscillations &#224; partir de ph&#233;nom&#232;nes non oscillatoires : chute d'un poids dans une horloge, frottement de l'archet dans un violon, souffle de l'instrumentaliste dans une fl&#251;te, &#233;mission de la voix humaine. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
L'horlogerie est le domaine privil&#233;gi&#233; des oscillations non lin&#233;aires. (&#8230;) Lord Rayleigh est le premier &#224; distinguer les traits caract&#233;ristiques des syst&#232;mes susceptibles d'engendrer des oscillations non amorties, en particulier la non-lin&#233;arit&#233; des &#233;quations du mouvement.&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
En fait, l'int&#233;r&#234;t pour les &#233;tudes th&#233;oriques des oscillations non lin&#233;aires ne va pas venir de l'horlogerie mais de deux autres domaines techniques. Dans la seconde moiti&#233; du 19&#232;me si&#232;cle, la construction de r&#233;gulateurs pour les machines devient un probl&#232;me technologique essentiel. L'enjeu est d'emp&#234;cher l'apparitions d'oscillations. Worms et Romilly (1872) et L.A. Vichnegradski (1876) reconnaissent la n&#233;cessit&#233; du frottement pour la stabilisation des r&#233;gulateurs. H. L&#233;aut&#233; (1885) montre le r&#244;le essentiel jou&#233; par la non-lin&#233;arit&#233; dans certains types de r&#233;gulateurs que l'on ne peut &#233;tudier par lin&#233;arisation comme le faisaient I.A. Vichnegradski et A. Stodola (1893).&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Au d&#233;but du 20&#232;me si&#232;cle, commence la r&#233;alisation de dispositifs radiotechniques, pour l'&#233;mission et la r&#233;ception des ondes &#233;lectromagn&#233;tiques. Il s'agit l&#224; d'engendrer des oscillations. Dans les dispositifs radiotechniques, tenir compte de la non-lin&#233;arit&#233; s'av&#232;re essentiel, mais les approches rest&#232;rent longtemps ad hoc. C'est dans cet esprit que s'effectu&#232;rent en particulier les travaux fondamentaux du radiophysicien hollandais B. Van der Pol. (&#8230;)&lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Au moment m&#234;me o&#249; na&#238;t la m&#233;canique quantique, A.A Andronov (&#233;l&#232;ve de l'&#233;cole russe de L.I. Mandelstham, qui a choisi comme domaine de recherche l'&#233;tude des vibrations non lin&#233;aires contrairement &#224; la physique quantique) participe &#224; l'&#233;mergence d'un nouveau paradigme dont l'acte fondateur, son travail de dipl&#244;me, para&#238;t en fran&#231;ais dans les &#171; Comptes rendus de l'Acad&#233;mie des sciences &#187; du 14 octobre 1929 : &#171; Les cycles-limites de Poincar&#233; et la th&#233;orie des oscillations auto-entretenues &#187;. Andronov y reconna&#238;t pour la premi&#232;re fois que dans un oscillateur de la radiophysique comme celui de Van der Pol, syst&#232;me non-conservatif (dissipatif), dont les oscillations sont entretenues en puisant de l'&#233;nergie &#224; des sources non vibratoires, le mouvement dans l'espace des phases est du type &#171; cycle limite &#187;, notion introduite par Poincar&#233; en 1880, dans un contexte purement math&#233;matique. Il reconna&#238;t d'embl&#233;e la caract&#232;re tr&#232;s g&#233;n&#233;ral de ces &#171; auto-oscillations &#187; comme il les nomme, les voyant intervenir en acoustique, en radiophysique, en chimie (r&#233;actions p&#233;riodiques) et en biologie. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
Les auto-oscillations ont des caract&#233;ristiques sp&#233;cifiques :
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; amplitude et fr&#233;quence ind&#233;pendantes des conditions initiales
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; apparition en l'absence d'excitation p&#233;riodique ext&#233;rieure
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&#034;spip-puce ltr&#034;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&#8211;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt; contr&#244;le par r&#233;troaction, de la source d'&#233;nergie pour compenser la dissipation, sans influer sur l'amplitude et la fr&#233;quence (&#8230;)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L'auto-oscilateur re&#231;oit une d&#233;finition tr&#232;s g&#233;n&#233;rale : syst&#232;me engendrant des oscillations non amorties, entretenue par une source d'&#233;nergie ext&#233;rieure, dans un dispositif non-lin&#233;aire dissipatif, et dont l'aspect et les propri&#233;t&#233;s sont d&#233;termin&#233;s par le syst&#232;me lui-m&#234;me sans d&#233;pendre des conditions initiales. Dans ces conditions, les auto-oscillations peuvent &#234;tre non seulement p&#233;riodiques mais quasi p&#233;riodiques et m&#234;me stochastiques. Andronov a eu en effet le m&#233;rite de montrer pour la prmei&#232;re fois l'existence physique d'un attracteur qui ne soit pas un point d'&#233;quilibre. Le cycle limite est en effet un attracteur p&#233;riodique. Par la suite, la notion d'attracteur sera &#233;largie, jusqu'&#224; l'apparition du concept d' &#187;attracteur &#233;trange &#187;, forme math&#233;matique des auto-oscillations stochastiques. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
On attribue souvent &#224; E. Lorentz la d&#233;couverte en 1963 du premier &#171; mouvement chaotique sur un attracteur &#233;trange &#187;. D&#233;couverte qui passa inaper&#231;ue et ne commen&#231;a &#224; &#234;tre reconnue que dans la seconde moiti&#233; des ann&#233;es 70. On ne sait pas que dans les ann&#233;es 50, les travaux de l'&#233;cole de Gorki, sous la direction d'un &#233;l&#232;ve d'Andronov, Yu. I. Neimark, ont mis en &#233;vidence l'existence d'auto-oscillations schochastiques , par l'application de la m&#233;thode des transformations ponctuelles. (&#8230;) Avec les syst&#232;mes auto-oscillants comme cible favorite, Andronov et ses &#233;l&#232;ves vont baliser tout le champ des vibrations non lin&#233;aires et cr&#233;er les outils et les concepts fondamentaux de la physique non lin&#233;aire. D&#232;s 1933, dans son rapport &#224; la premi&#232;re conf&#233;rence sovi&#233;tique sur les vibrations, Andronov d&#233;veloppe le th&#232;me de la th&#233;orie des bifurcations, c'est-&#224;-dire du changement de caract&#232;re qualitatif du portrait de phase d'un syst&#232;me dynamique, lors de la variation des param&#232;tres du syst&#232;me. (&#8230;) En 1937 para&#238;t la bible des vibrations non-lin&#233;aires : &#171; La th&#233;orie des vibrations &#187; de A. A. Andronov, A. A. Vitt et S. E. Kha&#239;kir. La signature de A. A. Vitt en a disparu dans la seconde &#233;dition, car il a &#233;t&#233; assassin&#233; lors des grandes purges staliniennes. &lt;br class='autobr' /&gt;
(&#8230;) D&#232;s le d&#233;but des ann&#233;es quarante, Kolmogorov s'int&#233;resse en probabiliste &#224; la turbulence. (&#8230;) Dans les ann&#233;es cinquante, il passe &#224; l'&#233;tude des syst&#232;mes dynamiques. (&#8230;) Dans son expos&#233; au congr&#232;s international de math&#233;matiques d'Amsterdam de 1954, il pr&#233;sente une splendide synth&#232;se des r&#233;sultats obtenus depuis H. Poincar&#233;. (&#8230;) Et Kolmogorov formule la premi&#232;re version du r&#233;sultat fondamental qui va devenir, quelques ann&#233;es plus tard, le th&#233;or&#232;me de Kolmogorov, Arnold et Moser (th&#233;or&#232;me KAM) sur la pr&#233;servation des mouvements quasi p&#233;riodiques dans les syst&#232;mes hamiltoniens. &#187;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
		
		</content:encoded>


		

	</item>



</channel>

</rss>
